Wien, Ulrich Andreas: Diakonie auf dem Gebiet Rumäniens. Dienst der Nächstenliebe evangelischer Schwesternschaften im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. In: Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde. An/Vol. 57., 2014. pp. 111 – 137.

In the 19th and 20th century, following the model of German deaconesses’ communities, in different regions of Romania institutionalized associations of nurses have been founded. Young women, followers of the Christian ideal of charitable aid, joined these Christian-protestant communities. The relations concerning their foundation were wide spread and included the German states, Habsburg Empire and Switzerland. Among the centers the later evangelical sisters from Sărata (1867), Bucharest (1859/1896), Sibiu (1888), Braşov (1924/1932) and Târgu Mureş/Cluj (1928/1933) were trained have to be mentioned Kaiserswerth, Neuendettelsau, Weimar, Gallneukirchen and Riehen. Private or hospital nursing, other kinds of care in sanatoriums, child care, as well as the strengthening of evangelical devoutness through popular mission were the core of the sisters’ activity. The intention of popular evangelizing mission was carried out thanks to the spiritual bonds of Malche sisters, who had their origins in the Women’s Bible Mission House Malche (Frauen-Bibelmissions-Haus Malche) in Bad Freienwalde/Oder. Between 1928 and 1948 the Hungarian-reformed deaconesses’ house in Cluj grew rapidly and dynamically. But the Peoples’ Republic of Romania, a socialist dictatorship, forced its nationalization und close down, a treatment all the deaconesses’ houses had to suffer – putting an end to the institutionalized Christian rivalry to its social system.