Reference Type: Journal Article
Author: Iancu, Carol
Year: 2004
Title: Bernard Lazare and the Jews of Romania
Journal: Studia Hebraica
Issue: 4
Pages: 17-24
Language: English
Keywords: Jewish minority, history, discrimination, employment, politics, legislation, anti-Jewish legislation, military, administration, zionism, emigration
Abstract: (En) Professing a systematic state anti-Semitism, the liberal and conservative governments coming in office between the Berlin Congress (1878) and the beginning of the 20th century in keeping with the principle of "governmental rotation" banned the Jews' access to magistrature, education and administration. Jews were excluded from public positions and from numerous businesses (notably those of pharmacists, sellers of toxic substances, salesmen, farmers, workers in state factories, in public works and even in certain private enterprises), but forced to attend the military service where, however, they could never reach the rank of officer. Their children were rarely admitted in schools, in exchange for higher tuition fees.